Research-reference
peptide notes

Research reference only — not a catalog item

Selank

Published rat frontal-cortex research examines Selank alongside GABA using neurotransmission-related gene-expression measurements.

Research model areas

• Rat frontal cortex
• GABA-related gene expression

Selected published literature

Volkova et al. (2016), Frontiers in Pharmacology · PMID 26924987

Scope of this note

The cited experiment measures molecular endpoints in rats. It does not establish effects on human cognition, mood, or clinical outcomes.

Explore model context: Neural signaling models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Semax

A rat basal-forebrain study examines Semax binding and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein measurements in experimental neurobiology.

Research model areas

• Rat basal forebrain
• BDNF and peptide-binding assays

Selected published literature

Dolotov et al. (2006), Journal of Neurochemistry · PMID 16635254

Scope of this note

Regional binding and protein measurements in a rodent model do not establish a human cognitive or neurological benefit.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Epitalon

Published under the spelling Epithalon, this peptide appears in human fetal fibroblast culture research measuring telomerase activity and telomere length.

Research model areas

• Human fetal fibroblast cultures
• Telomere and telomerase assays

Selected published literature

Khavinson et al. (2003), Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · PMID 12937682

Scope of this note

This is an in vitro cell-culture reference, not evidence for human longevity. It is not assigned to an anatomical Body Explorer area.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

KPV

The Lys-Pro-Val tripeptide is examined in intestinal epithelial and immune-cell experiments, including PepT1 transport and inflammatory-signaling readouts, with accompanying mouse models.

Research model areas

• Intestinal epithelial cell lines
• Jurkat T cells
• Mouse intestinal inflammation models

Selected published literature

Dalmasso et al. (2008), Gastroenterology · PMID 18061177

Scope of this note

The cited cell-line and mouse experiments support a model-system research context only; they do not establish a human gastrointestinal application.

Explore model context: Gut & barrier models · Immune signaling models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

MOTS-c

Mitochondrial-derived peptide literature examines MOTS-c in cellular metabolic assays and mouse studies of skeletal-muscle signaling and metabolic regulation.

Research model areas

• Cellular metabolic assays
• Mouse skeletal-muscle and metabolic models

Selected published literature

Lee et al. (2015), Cell Metabolism · PMID 25738459

Scope of this note

Cellular and mouse metabolic findings do not establish human metabolic, exercise, or body-composition outcomes.

Explore model context: Metabolic pathway models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Humanin

Cell-based Humanin studies examine cytokine-receptor interactions and neuronal cell-death readouts, including CNTFR, WSX-1, and gp130 signaling components.

Research model areas

• Neuronal cell models
• Reconstituted receptor-binding assays

Selected published literature

Hashimoto et al. (2009), Molecular Biology of the Cell · PMID 19386761

Scope of this note

Receptor and cell-survival assays are experimental endpoints. They do not establish prevention or treatment of neurological disease.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Thymosin alpha-1

Published experimental work examines thymosin alpha-1 in dendritic-cell maturation, Toll-like receptor signaling, and mouse host-response models.

Research model areas

• Dendritic-cell assays
• Mouse host-response models

Selected published literature

Romani et al. (2004), Blood · PMID 14982877

Scope of this note

This note is limited to the cited immune-cell and mouse experiments. It is not a recommendation to modify immune function in humans.

Explore model context: Immune signaling models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

LL-37

Cathelicidin literature examines LL-37-related epithelial biology using organ-cultured human skin and measurements of re-epithelialization.

Research model areas

• Ex vivo human skin cultures
• Epithelial and innate-defense biology

Selected published literature

Heilborn et al. (2003), Journal of Investigative Dermatology · PMID 12603850

Scope of this note

An ex vivo skin model is not a clinical efficacy or safety study. This reference does not establish a topical or other human-use application.

Explore model context: Skin & ECM models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

N-Acetyl Semax

A coordination study compares N-acetyl Semax with Semax in Cu(II) and Zn(II) binding and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cultures exposed to copper.

Research model areas

• Cu(II) and Zn(II) coordination assays
• SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cultures

Selected published literature

Magri et al. (2016), Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · PMID 27586814

Scope of this note

This cell-culture and metal-binding study is separate from the Semax basal-forebrain note. It does not establish a human cognitive or neurological outcome.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Pinealon

Cell-culture work on the synthetic tripeptide Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) measures reactive oxygen species and necrotic-cell readouts in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells.

Research model areas

• Cerebellar granule cells
• Neutrophil cultures
• PC12 cells

Selected published literature

Khavinson et al. (2011), Rejuvenation Research · PMID 21978084

Scope of this note

These in vitro oxidative-stress endpoints do not establish a human neurological or aging outcome.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Cortagen

In organotypic culture, the tetrapeptide Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) was tested on rat brain-cortex explants, with explant growth as the recorded endpoint.

Research model areas

• Organotypic rat brain-cortex explants

Selected published literature

Khavinson (2001), Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · PMID 11713572

Scope of this note

An explant-growth observation in rat organotypic culture does not establish a human neurological application.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Vesugen

Published mouse work administered the tripeptide Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp, KED) intraperitoneally to 5xFAD mice and recorded dendritic-spine morphology.

Research model areas

• 5xFAD mouse dendritic-spine counts
• In vitro amyloid synaptotoxicity model

Selected published literature

Khavinson et al. (2021), Pharmaceuticals · PMID 34071923

Scope of this note

A 2025 correction was issued for this paper (PMID 39861198). The mouse experiment does not establish a human neurological outcome, and this note does not describe a vascular use.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Vilon

Mouse thymocyte experiments examine the dipeptide Vilon (Lys-Glu) using blast transformation and membrane sphingomyelinase activity as readouts.

Research model areas

• Mouse thymocyte blast transformation
• Thymocyte-membrane sphingomyelinase activity

Selected published literature

Khavinson et al. (2002), Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · PMID 12420072

Scope of this note

These mouse thymocyte assays do not establish an effect on human immune function, lifespan, or tumor biology.

Explore model context: Immune signaling models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Thymogen

A long-term rat study recorded survival and spontaneous tumor counts after repeated subcutaneous administration of the dipeptide Thymogen (L-Glu-L-Trp) to outbred female rats.

Research model areas

• Female rat survival counts
• Spontaneous tumor counts

Selected published literature

Anisimov, Khavinson, and Morozov (2000), Biogerontology · PMID 11707921

Scope of this note

Survival and tumor-count endpoints in one rat cohort do not establish a human immune, aging, or cancer outcome.

Explore model context: Immune signaling models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Dihexa

An APP/PS1 mouse study of dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) recorded Morris water-maze performance, neuronal and synaptic-protein measurements, cytokine levels, and PI3K/AKT pathway readouts.

Research model areas

• APP/PS1 mouse water maze
• Neuronal and SYP protein measurements
• Cytokine and PI3K/AKT readouts

Selected published literature

Sun et al. (2021), Brain Sciences · PMID 34827486

Scope of this note

These mouse measurements do not establish a human cognitive outcome. A 2014 mechanism paper (PMID 25187433) was retracted in 2025 and is not used as evidence here.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

Hexarelin

Rat experiments measure plasma growth-hormone release after Hexarelin, including infant rats, adult rats, and preparations used to compare pituitary and hypothalamic contributions.

Research model areas

• Infant and adult rat GH release
• Mediobasal-hypothalamus ablation comparisons
• In vitro pituitary GH release

Selected published literature

Torsello et al. (1996), European Journal of Endocrinology · PMID 8921832

Scope of this note

Growth-hormone measurements in rats and pituitary preparations do not establish a human diagnostic or therapeutic use.

Explore model context: Growth-hormone axis models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

SS-31

Isolated-mitochondria experiments with elamipretide (SS-31) measure ADP sensitivity in aged skeletal-muscle mitochondria and uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator.

Research model areas

• Aged skeletal-muscle mitochondria
• Adenine nucleotide translocator ADP uptake

Selected published literature

Pharaoh et al. (2023), GeroScience · PMID 37462785

Scope of this note

Mitochondrial measurements in aged muscle, and the related animal physiological readouts in the same study, do not establish a human metabolic or cardiac application.

Explore model context: Metabolic pathway models.

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Research reference only — not a catalog item

FOXO4-DRI

Cell and mouse studies of a FOXO4-derived peptide record senescent-cell viability, p53 localization, and responses in doxorubicin-treated, fast-aging, and naturally aged mice.

Research model areas

• Senescent-cell viability assays
• Doxorubicin-treated mice
• Fast-aging and naturally aged mice

Selected published literature

Baar et al. (2017), Cell · PMID 28340339

Scope of this note

Cell and mouse results are not a human anti-aging application. This entry is not assigned to a Body Explorer area.

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